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vivax was transmitted by Trinidadian mosquitoes (Pan American Health Organization/WHO, 1965). In Trinidad, the last four deaths due to malaria were in 1958 1961, when two cases were recorded, is considered to be the last year that indigenous P. vivax varied from 22♱% (in 1945), 29♴% (1955), 15♴% (1957) and 0♰1% (1961) and spleen rates for schoolchildren in the IcacosfCedros area (see Fig. Three species of malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum, P. Malaria was endemic in many coastal areas within the Caribbean region in 1900-1960, with up to 25% of schoolchildren infected (Anon., 1941-1963). The island's greatest length is 90 km, from north to south, and its greatest breadth is 57♶ km, from east to west.Promontories on the northwest and southwest and an area of about 4662 km 2 The island IS roughly rectangular in shape, with large © 1992 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine METHODS AND RESULTSīackground The island ofTrinidad is located approximately 11 a North, 15 km from the east coast of Venezuela, from which it is separated only by the shallow Gulf of Paria (Fig. aquasalis, on the island of Trinidad, W.l. vivax malaria, transmitted locally by An. This paper describes an epidemic outbreak of P. albimanus (Weideman) mosquitoes, which are present in large numbers on the islands. The episode in the Bahamas was entirely due to an imported case from Haiti, which was subsequently transmitted by An. The Tobago and Grenada outbreaks were thought to be due to the recrudescence of an asymptomatic local case or an imported case, subsequently transmitted by the vector Anopheles aquasalis Curry. malariae were diagnosed in Grenada (Tikasingh et a!., 0003-4983 +08 $08.00/0ġ980) and five cases of falciparum malaria occurred in the Bahamas in 1982 (Pan American Health Organization, 1982). malariae were detected (Siung, 1968), another in 1978, when 50 cases of P. One outbreak occurred on the island ofTobago in 1966, when 38 cases of P. It is not surprising, therefore, that episodes of malaria transmission have occurred over the post-eradication period.

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The Caribbean region closely fits the above criteria, since, although most of the Caribbean islands are free of malaria (Pan American Health Organization, 1986 ), endemic malaria exists in Hispaniola and on the South American coastline, in the Guianas (Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname), Venezuela and Colombia. vivax in these areas were the abundance of Anopheline vectors, the existence of other ecological and climatic factors favouring malaria transmission, proximity to malarious countries and/or frequent influx of infected individuals, groups and/or infective mosquitoes (WHO, 1979). The main reasons for the resurgence and predominance of P. In 1979, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Malaria reported the frequency of Plasmodium vivax epidemics in areas where malaria had been previously eradicated or nearly eradicated. The need to maintain malaria surveillance is emphasized. vivax malaria from Trinidad, are described. The intervention measures adopted, which successfully eradicated P. vivax malaria was discovered through active surveillance. In Granville/Chatham, another, unrelated case of locally transmitted P. Most of the cases (70%) were in the 15-24 or 25-44 year age groups. vivax malaria were locally transmitted in Icacos. Nine cases (four females and five males) of P. The 'index case' was infected while visiting Perdaneles, Venezuela, and was responsible for the renewal of malaria transmission by indigenous Anopheles aquasalis mosquitoes in Icacos, Trinidad, W.I. Received 3 February 1992, Accepted 29 April 1992Īn outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria occurred in Trinidad some 25 years after a successful eradication programme. Insect Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 3 Queen Street, St Joseph, Trinidad, W.I.

TILLUCKDHARRYĭownloaded by at 14:01 01 September 2017 86, No.6, 583-590 (1992)Īn outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Trinidad, W.I.

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Tilluckdharry (1992) An outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Trinidad, W.I., Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 86:6, 583-590, DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1992.11812713 To link to this article: įull Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at Download by: Īnnals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. Tilluckdharry To cite this article: Dave D. ISSN: 0003-4983 (Print) 1364-8594 (Online) Journal homepage: Īn outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Trinidad, W.I. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology